METAL MINING DISCHARGES - IMPACTS AND CONTROLS

by Dr. Frances P. Solomon

Course Presenters Schedule General information

Dr. Frances P. Solomon

5805 16th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA  98105
(206) 522-6441  fsolomon@interchange.ubc.ca

EXPERIENCE SUMMARY

Dr. Solomon earned her Ph.D. in fisheries in 1980, focusing on aquatic ecology and impacts of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms and ecosystems.  She has more than 25 years of professional experience in environmental agencies and university laboratories, leading and collaborating with interdisciplinary teams to plan, manage, and implement environmental projects in the Puget Sound region of Washington State.  This includes gathering and applying scientific information on water quality, sediment quality, and biota in urban bays, rivers, streams, and lakes, and developing and implementing action plans to prevent and control pollution, clean up contaminated sites, and restore healthy habitat.

Dr. Solomon has developed and taught environmental science courses at the University of British Columbia, Western Washington University, Northwest University (Xi’an, China), the University of Washington Tacoma, and The Evergreen State College Tacoma, and has delivered guest lectures and led field trips at the University of Washington Seattle, University of Puget Sound, The Evergreen State College Tacoma, and Antioch University Seattle.  In addition to university teaching, she gives short courses to mining industry and environmental professionals, has served as an expert witness, and has given numerous presentations on Puget Sound environmental issues to adult public audiences, elected officials, and school classes. 

Dr. Solomon has published over 30 articles and technical reports, has given numerous conference presentations including as the keynote speaker, and has participated in planning 20 professional conferences.  She reviews articles submitted for publication to environmental journals, as well as fellowship and scholarship applications from university students. She is currently Vice-President of the Pacific Northwest region of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (PNW-SETAC), a Past-President and current member of the Washington Section of the American Water Resources Association (AWRA), and a Past-President and long-time Board member of the Seattle chapter of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS).

COURSES TAUGHT (2004-present)

“Impacts of Metals on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health,” graduate and upper division undergraduate course, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, taught course twice

“Metal Mining Discharges – Impacts and Controls,” three-day course for mining industry professionals, University of British Columbia Mining Studies Institute and EduMine, Vancouver, BC, taught course twice and developed online course for EduMine (http://www.edumine.com)

“Toxicity in the Receiving Environment,” one-day course for biologists at Association of Professional Biologists of British Columbia Conference, Victoria, BC

“Impacts of Metals and Toxic Organic Chemicals on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health,” three-day course for environmental professionals, taught course three times at various BC locations and twice in Whitehorse, Yukon

“Impacts of Persistent Organic Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health,” one-half day course for King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Seattle, WA

“Environmental Pollution,” upper division undergraduate course, Western Washington University, taught course twice (once at main campus in Bellingham, WA and once at satellite campuses in Everett, Poulsbo, and Port Angeles, WA)

“Fundamentals of Ecology,” upper division undergraduate course, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA

“Environmental Assessment and Biological Impacts of Water Pollution,” upper division undergraduate course, Northwest University, Xi’an, China

“Biology, History, and Politics of Salmon in the Pacific Northwest,” upper division undergraduate course, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA

 “Research Methods and Research Design,” upper division undergraduate course, The Evergreen State College, Tacoma, WA

“Quantitative Reasoning and Statistics,” upper division undergraduate course, The Evergreen State College, Tacoma, WA

OTHER TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Trainer, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
Lectured on lake ecology at workshop for middle school science teachers, December 3, 2009

Guest Lecturer, The Evergreen State College, Tacoma, WA
Lectured on impacts of endocrine disrupter chemicals on aquatic ecosystems and human health, October 21, 2009 and February 3, 2009.   Lectured on impacts of metals on human health, April 29, 2009.

Guest Lecturer, The University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA
Lectured on impacts of metals on aquatic ecosystems and human health, February 19, 2009.

Guest Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Lectured on water quality and led field trip for “Humans in the Environment”course for junior level undergraduate students from Keio University in Tokyo, Japan, summers of 2006-2009. Lectured on impacts of metals on aquatic ecosystems and human health for Water Center graduate level seminar class, November 18, 2008.   

Guest Lecturer, Antioch University, Seattle, WA
Lectured on lake water quality and ecosystems and led field trip for graduate level environmental science class, summer of 2005.

Guest Lecturer, Bellevue Community College, Bellevue, WA
Lectured three times on Puget Sound ecology for lower division undergraduate class, 1989-1991.

Instructor, Kitsap Water Watchers, Silverdale, WA
Developed and taught classes for adult volunteers in a water quality monitoring and pollution prevention program, 1990-1993
 
Predoctoral Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Delivered lectures, advised and tutored individual students, invited guest speakers, and graded papers for fisheries and health science classes, 1974-1980.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

My Career Path as an Aquatic Ecologist, invited panel speaker, University of Washington Postdoctoral Fellows Association, Seattle, WA, March 5, 2010; University of Oregon Women in Graduate Sciences, Eugene, OR, April 24, 2009; “Women in Bioscience Conference,” La Jolla, CA, May 19, 2007; University of Washington Women in Science and Engineering Program conferences, Seattle, WA, April 2005, April 2004, and April 2000

Impacts of Endocrine Disrupter Chemicals on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health, invited seminar, Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA, February 4, 2010 and Bellevue, WA, August 3, 2009; Planned Parenthood of the Greater Northwest, Seattle, WA, December 14, 2009; Science on Tap (a science café), Seattle, WA, August 31, 2009
 
Take Care of Your Health by Taking Care of the Environment, invited presentation at women’s health conference, Washington Corrections Center for Women, Gig Harbor, WA, September 24, 2009, in conjunction with The Evergreen State College Sustainable Prisons Project

Association for Women in Science Scholarship and Outreach Programs: Successful Strategies to Attract and Retain Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Fields, “14th International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists,” Lille, France, July 15-18, 2008

Impacts of Metals on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health, invited seminars, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Seattle, WA, June 23, 2008 and October 17, 2007

Preventing and Controlling Pollution in Urban Bays of Puget Sound, WA, invited keynote speech at “Interdisciplinary Student Research Symposium: Featuring Research about the Ballona Wetlands,” Loyola Marymount University, Frank R. Seaver College of Science and Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, October 26, 2007

Water Quality Near Agricultural Land in the Snoqualmie Watershed, King County, WA, “2006 International Conference on The Future of Agriculture: Science, Stewardship, and Sustainability,” Sacramento, CA, August 7-9, 2006

Quality Assurance Project Plan Development, training presented at “Washington Association of Conservation District Employees Annual Meeting,” Leavenworth, WA, June 19-21, 2006

Water Resources Issues in China, presentations for University of Washington AWRA student chapter, Seattle, November 2004 and National AWRA Conference, Seattle, November 2005;

A Summer of Learning: Teaching Environmental Science and Living in China, invited presentation for AWIS Seattle chapter, Seattle, October 2004

Family Planning and Environmental Protection: Impacts of Human Population Growth on Salmon Habitat, invited panel speaker at Planned Parenthood of Western Washington/Planet Northwest Forum, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, November 2003

Snoqualmie Watershed Aquatic Habitat Conditions, presentation at “King County Water and Land Resources Division Science Seminar,” Seattle, WA, May 2003

Historic Habitat Conditions in the Snoqualmie River Valley, presentation to the Snohomish River Basin Salmonid Recovery Technical Committee, Mill Creek, WA, October 2002

Endangered Species Act and Causes of Salmon Habitat Degradation, presentations to Trout Unlimited, Boys and Girls Club, and Women’s Transportation Seminar, Seattle, WA, 1999

Impacts of Proposed Public Powerboat Launch on Water Quality and Beneficial Uses of Bead Lake, Pend Oreille County, Washington, expert witnesstestimony before State of Washington Shorelines Hearing Board, Spokane, WA, October 1997

Marine Ecology Field Workshop, developed and led hands-on workshop for 20 middle school girls at Patsy Collins Adventure in Leadership for Girls of Promise summer camp, Orcas Island, WA, August 1997

Cottage Lake Management Plan, public meeting presentation, Woodinville, WA, October 1995

Water Quality and Contaminated Sediment Problems in Sinclair and Dyes Inlets, presentations to Kitsap Diving Association and Kitsap Audubon Society, Port Orchard, WA, 1991-1992

Water Pollution Prevention and Control, presentations to grade school classes in Bremerton, Woodinville, and Seattle, WA, 1990-1994

Sinclair and Dyes Inlets Action Plan, presentations at public meeting, Bremerton, WA, April 1990 and at press conference, Bremerton, WA, October 1990

Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination of Crayfish and Finfish in Lake Union, “First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research,” Seattle, WA, March 1988

Lake Union Action Plan, Sinclair and Dyes Inlets Action Plan, Salmon Recovery in the Snoqualmie Watershed, numerous presentations to elected officials in Seattle, King County, Bremerton, Port Orchard, Kitsap County, Snohomish County, Snoqualmie Watershed Forum, and Snohomish Basin Salmonid Recovery Forum, 1988-2004

Lake Union Action Plan, presentation to Eastlake Community Council, Seattle, WA, 1987

Careers in Environmental Science, invited keynote speaker at “Expanding Your Horizons” (science career exploration conference for middle and high school girls), Renton, WA, April 1990; panel speaker at several Expanding Your Horizons conferences in Seattle area, 1986-2000

Biological Impacts of Oil Spills, expert witness testimony before Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council hearing on proposed Northern Tier Company oil pipeline, Olympia, WA, March 1981

Inhibitory Effects of Dicarboxylic Acids on Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity in Liver Tissue of English Sole,  “AAAS Pacific Division Annual Meeting,” Seattle, WA, June 1978

Analysis of Coelacanth Enzymes by Starch Gel Electrophoresis, “Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Pacific Northwest Division Annual Meeting,” Portland, OR, October 1976

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

A Successful Approach to Point and Nonpoint Water Pollution Control: The Urban Bay Action Program, “Puget Sound Research ‘91,” Seattle, WA, January 1991

Developmental Toxicity of Four Model Alkylating Agents on Japanese Medaka Fish Embryos,
“Society of Toxicology National Conference,” San Diego, CA, March 1985

Inhibitory Effects of Dicarboxylic Acids on Isocitric Dehydrogenase Activity in Liver Tissue of English Sole, “American Association for the Advancement of Science National Conference,” San Francisco, CA, January 1980

Inhibitory Effects of Dicarboxylic Acids on Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity in Liver Tissue of English Sole, NATO Advanced Study Institute, “Methods and Principles of Biological Energy Transduction,” Spetsai, Greece, August 1978

EDUCATION

Ph.D.   Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
M.S.     Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
M.S.     Library Science, Simmons College, Boston, MA
B.A.     Biology (with Chemistry minor), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

EMPLOYMENT
See also UBC, Western Washington University, Northwest University, University of Washington, and The Evergreen State College, above.

Senior Ecologist, King County Water & Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA (1993-2007)
Planned and managed surface water quality monitoring projects in King County watersheds.  Collaborated with government agencies, Native-American Tribes, and nonprofit organizations to conduct ecological assessment of salmon habitat problems in Snohomish River Basin and to identify and prioritize habitat protection and restoration actions.  Represented King County on interagency Technical Committee that developed salmon conservation plan for the basin.  Led interdisciplinary teams of King County scientists in planning and implementing field research projects to inventory aquatic habitat conditions in Snoqualmie Watershed portion of basin. Managed lake restoration and stream habitat enhancement projects including research, permitting, and implementation.  Chaired interagency and citizen committees for these projects.  Developed and administered project budgets, wrote successful grant proposals, hired consultants, and managed consultant contracts.  Partnered with a lake community near Seattle to form the first lake management district in King County (property owners voted to tax themselves to raise money for lake protection activities).  Wrote technical reports, conducted public meetings, organized watershed stewardship activities, and delivered presentations on aquatic ecology to technical and general audiences.

Environmental Scientist, Washington State Department of Ecology, Bellevue, WA (1988-1993)
Project manager of action programs for two urban bays (Sinclair and Dyes Inlets) in Puget Sound.  Led interagency, interdisciplinary teams of scientists in collecting and analyzing data on water quality, sediment quality, aquatic biota, and pollution sources in the bays; prioritizing problem areas for action; and developing action plan including source control, contaminated sediment remediation, fish habitat protection, monitoring, and educational actions.  Coordinated meetings with initially recalcitrant public officials and obtained formal adoption of Sinclair and Dyes Inlets Action Plan, culminating in a press conference.  Collaborated with local, tribal, state, and federal agencies in action plan implementation.  Supervised assistant and provided oversight to consultant work.  Formed a Citizens Action Committee that continues their activities.  Conducted public meetings, prepared press conferences, wrote technical reports, and delivered aquatic ecology presentations to elected officials, schools, and community groups.  Received Service to the Public Award (1991) and Program Manager’s Award (1990).

Environmental Scientist, City of Seattle, Seattle, WA (1985-1988)
Coordinated Lake Union Water Quality Management Program.  Conducted field research on Lake Union water quality, sediment quality, and aquatic biota.  Led interagency and citizen advisory committees in developing Lake Union Action Plan to improve water quality and clean up contaminated sites.  Conducted public meetings on action plan.  Reviewed consultant proposals, negotiated consultant contracts, and provided oversight to consultant work.  Wrote successful grant proposals and managed project budgets.  Wrote reports for technical and general readers.  Delivered presentations at professional conferences and to citizens and the mass media.

Senior Research Fellow, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (1983-1985)
Conducted original research on toxic effects of N-nitroso compounds on fish embryos.  Presented research findings at conferences and seminars.

Fish Biologist, Washington State Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA (1981-1983)
Coordinated Department of Fisheries (WDF) response for hearings on proposed Northern Tier and Trans-Mountain oil pipelines.  Evaluated, wrote, and delivered testimony about pipeline oil spill and pipeline construction impacts on Puget Sound fisheries.  Wrote technical reports and suc-cessful grant applications.  Provided fish biology expertise to WDF lawyers and to other agencies involved in pipeline cases.  Reviewed pipeline company environmental impact statements.

Consultant, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1980)
Participated on nationwide team of scientists that investigated impacts of U.S. agricultural trends on fish and wildlife habitat.  Provided fish biology expertise in researching, writing, and editing sections of federal policy report.

PROFESSIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2010)
Vice-President of Pacific Northwest region (PNW-SETAC). Will be chapter President in 2011.

Conference Poster and Science Fair Judge
Evaluated graduate student posters at PNW-SETAC Conference, Port Townsend, WA, April 2009 and undergraduate student posters at Sigma Xi Conference, Seattle, WA, November 2005.  Evaluated and graded student projects at middle school science fair, April 2000.

Washington Toxics Coalition (2008 – present)
Conduct research on sources of toxic chemicals to Puget Sound and their impacts on the aquatic environment and human health.  Review project reports.

M.S. Thesis Committee Member
Reviewed M.S. theses of two environmental science students, Antioch University (2006-2007) and one Environmental Studies student, The Evergreen State College (1991). 

Journal Article Review (2003-present)
Review journal articles submitted for publication to “Hydrobiologia,” “Journal of the American Water Resources Association,” and “Environmental Management.”

Invited to participate on Editorial Advisory Board (2003) and to write limnology article (1997).

American Water Resources Association (AWRA) (1997-present)
Washington Section President, Vice-President, Secretary, at-large Board member, and Conference  Committee Chair.  Planned and coordinated three National AWRA and seven Washington Section conferences.

Partnership for Inquiry-Based Science, Seattle Public Schools and UW (1996)
Participated in training grade school teachers in a hands-on, inquiry-based, inclusive approach to teaching science.

Conference Moderator (1993-present)
Chaired sessions and introduced speakers at two King County Water and Land Resources Division Science Seminars (2002-2003), five AWRA conferences (1998, 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2009), and one North American Lake Management Society conference (1993).

Association for Women in Science (AWIS) (1984-present)
Co-founder of Seattle chapter.  Have served in multiple roles on local and/or national Board: Chapter President, Vice-President, founder and chair of scholarship program for undergraduate women, National Board member, and chair of Chapter Relations Committee and Nominations Committee. Scholarship program has awarded over $110,000 in scholarships.  Mentor graduate and undergraduate women.  Lead annual field trips for  middle school girls to salmon spawning and habitat restoration sites. Collaborate with other professional women’s organizations to plan career development conferences for women in science, math, and engineering fields.  Selected as AWIS Fellow by National AWIS (2005) for “significant contributions to the mission of AWIS by promoting women in science through scholarship, leadership, education, mentoring, advocacy, or service.”

Letters of Recommendation (1984-present)
Write letters of recommendation in support of many students’ applications for graduate school, professional school, and scholarships, and many colleagues’ applications for jobs and awards.

PUBLICATIONS

Solomon, F. (2009).  “Impacts of Copper on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health.” Mining.com Magazine, April - June 2009, pp. 25-27 (www.mining.com)
Solomon, F. (2008).  “Association for Women in Science Scholarship and Outreach Programs: Successful Strategies to Attract and Retain Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Fields.” Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists, Lille, France, July 15-18, 2008

Solomon, F. (2008).  “Impacts of Metals on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health.” Mining.com Magazine, The Green Issue, April - June 2008, pp. 14-19 (www.mining.com)

Solomon, F. (2007).  “New Environmental Course at UBC for Mining Engineering.” Canadian Institute of Mining (CIM) Magazine, November 2007, p. 15

Solomon, F. (2007).  “Water Quality Near Agricultural Land in the Snoqualmie Watershed, King County, Washington.” Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on The Future of Agriculture: Science, Stewardship, and Sustainability, Sacramento, CA, August 7-9, 2006

Solomon, F. (2006).  “Principles of Limnology” (invited article). Encyclopedia of Environment-al Science and Engineering, 5th edition (also appeared in 4th edition in 1998).  Gordon and Breach Publishers, Philadelphia, PA.

Solomon, F. (2006).  Years 2004-2005 Report for the City of Mercer Island – Water Quality Monitoring in Five Drainage Basins:  No. 6, No. 10, No. 26, No. 32, and No. 42.   Prepared for the City of Mercer Island by King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F. (2005).  Year 2003 Annual Report for the City of Mercer Island – Water Quality Monitoring in Five Drainage Basins:  No. 6, No. 10, No. 26, No. 32, and No. 42.   Prepared for the City of Mercer Island by King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F. (2005).  Water Quality near the Snoqualmie Watershed Agricultural Production District.  Prepared for the Agricultural Lands Program, King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F. (2005). Water Resources and Teaching Environmental Science in China.  American Water Resources Association Washington Section Newsletter, March-April, pp.2-3.

Solomon, F. and M. Boles (2004).  Snoqualmie Watershed Stream Habitat Reconnaissance Report.  King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA.

Snohomish Basin Salmonid Recovery Technical Committee (2004).  Ecological Analysis for Salmonid Conservation.Snohomish CountyDepartment of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Everett, WA.

Solomon, F. and M. Boles (2002).  Snoqualmie Watershed Aquatic Habitat Conditions Report:
Summary of 1999-2001 Data.  King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA.

Snohomish Basin Salmonid Recovery Technical Committee (2002).  Snohomish River Basin Salmonid Habitat Conditions Review.  Snohomish CountyDepartment of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Everett, WA.

Solomon, F. (June 1997).  Autobiographical Profile (invited contribution) for "Women in Science and Technology Month."  Women in Technology International Website.
http://www.witi.org/center/witimuseum/womeninsciencet/1997/060797.shtml.

Solomon, F., J. Brogan, A. Carlson, and M. Tseng (1997).  Swamp Creek Action Plan.  King
County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F., S. Walton, K. Easthouse, D. Bouchard, and P. Noppe (1996).  Cottage Lake Management Plan.  King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, WA.

Washington State Urban Bay Action Team Coordinators (1991).  “A Successful Approach to Point and Nonpoint Water Pollution Control: The Urban Bay Action Program.”  Proceedings – Puget Sound Research ’91, Volume 2, p. 766.

Solomon, F. and C. Pendle (1989).  “The Oil Industry and its Impacts,” In: Strickland, R. and D.
Chasan, Coastal Washington – A Synthesis of Information.Washington Sea Grant Program,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F., W. Trial, T. Kakida, and A. Bailey (1988).  "Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination of Crayfish and Finfish in Lake Union."  Proceedings - First Annual Meeting on Puget Sound Research, Volume 2, pp. 608-618.

Solomon, F. (1988).  Investigation of Feasibility of Capping as a Corrective Action for Contaminated Sediments in Lake Union and the Ship Canal.  City of Seattle Office for Long-Range Planning (OLP), Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F. and C. Marks (1988).  Lake Union and Ship Canal Water Quality Management Program Interim Action Plan.  City of Seattle OLP, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F. and E. Faustman (1987).  “Developmental Toxicity of Four Model Alkylating Agents on Japanese Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes) Embryos.”  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Volume 6, pp. 747-753.

Solomon, F. (1987).  Lake Union/Ship Canal/Shilshole Bay Water Quality Management Program Data Summary Report Addendum.  City of Seattle OLP, Seattle,WA.

Solomon, F. (1986).  Lake Union and Ship Canal Water Quality Management Program Data Summary Report.  City of Seattle Land Use & Transportation Project, Seattle, WA.

Marks, C. and F. Solomon (1986).  Lake Union and Ship Canal Water Quality Management Program Background Report.  City of Seattle Land Use & Transportation Project, Seattle, WA.

Solomon, F. and M. Mills (1983).  Location, Harvest, and Economic Values of Salmon, Baitfish, Groundfish, and Shellfish Resources, Summarized from the WDF-Sponsored Testimony in the Northern Tier Pipeline Case (Proposed Cross-Sound Route) with Updated Figures for 1979 and 1980. Technical Report No. 76, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA.

Mills, M., F. Solomon, and W. Shaul (1983).  Salmon, Marine Fish, and Shellfish Resources, and Associated Fisheries in Washington’s Coastal and Inland Marine Waters.Technical Report No. 79, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA.

Solomon, F. and M. Mills (1982).  Potential Impacts of Oil Spills on Fisheries Resources Under Department of Fisheries Jurisdiction, Summarized from WDF-Sponsored Testimony on the Proposed Cross-Sound Northern Tier Pipeline.  Progress Report No. 168, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA.

Committee on Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Trends on Fish and Wildlife Habitat (1982).  Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Trends on Fish and Wildlife Habitat.  National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Solomon, F (1980).  Inhibitory Effects of Dicarboxylic Acids on Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity and Isocitric Dehydrogenase Activity in Some Flatfish Species.  Ph.D. Dissertation, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

OTHER INTERESTS

• independent international travel – 31 countries in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and South Pacific
• fluent in French and conversant in Spanish and Italian
• outdoor activities – hiking, backpacking, bicycling, swimming, snowshoeing, and cross-country skiing; completed two Danskin triathlons (2003 and 2005)
• reading, theatre, and music